https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/news daily 0.75 2021-09-08 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/news/get-out-there-knmxf monthly 0.5 2020-06-19 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/news/new-hope-in-old-appalachia-9663y monthly 0.5 2020-06-19 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/news/why-deserts-matter-too-bpwm5 monthly 0.5 2020-06-19 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/home daily 1.0 2022-05-16 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1634121323528-64R9LR532YI0IV17L1MT/EU+Funding+plus+cardiff.jpg Home https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/overview daily 0.75 2021-10-26 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1631273031555-OXR4PFR0DEKX50S19PWG/Figure+1+-+Plexiform+Bone+x10+XPF+Horse+11.012.jpg About Histology is a growing subfield of bioarchaeology. This image of a histological thin section from an unburnt horse femur was taken with cross-polarized light at 10x magnification. The type of bone is called fibrolamellar plexiform bone, which is quite common in large domestic animals such as horses. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/c07669de-9ed9-4df1-9a06-a882cf3c220d/CultureGroups_whitebkgnd.jpg About - General distribution of the Baltic tribes on the Eve of teh The Eastern Baltic region on the eve of the Teutonic Crusades c. 1200 AD (modified from Žulkus 2002). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1631193921016-QYKRUTK6XPT6TLXY21SU/DSCN0435.JPG About - The most common and well-documented ritual practice in the Eastern Baltic region is the deposition of animals, particularly horses, in cemeteries. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1631272671346-GXJC5RHK5KCEA5QQ9ALE/shutterstock_561722293.jpg About - Many bone deposits were burned prior to deposition. A nimals were included in cremation rituals and also burned in pit deposits. The BONEZ project will catalog and reconstruct all the ways in which these rituals were performed. https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/people daily 0.75 2021-10-19 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1631195955603-PJV8DL91CE6TSOVQIAD0/Screen+Shot+2020-04-14+at+11.02.08+PM.png People - Dr Katherine McCullough French Marie Skłodowska-Curie Postdoctoral Research Fellow, SHARE, Cardiff University Dr French is a medievalist and osteoarchaeologist with a special interest in the analysis of burnt bone. A recovering Shovel Bum, her broad field experience extends from Iron Age Britain to the 9/11 Ground Zero project in New York City. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1634051807839-V5LT4EICXXY1X2LC2X46/Lab_17.jpg People - Dr Richard Madgwick Supervisor, SHARE, Cardiff University Dr Madgwick specializes in the macroscopic, microscopic, and biomolecular analysis of archaeological bone, with particular expertise in histology and isotope analyses. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1634052083574-78XVLA285N8LPRX1RBVO/Reduced_shutterstock_1949761483.jpg People - Dr John Hines Mentor, SHARE, Cardiff University Dr Hines is an interdisciplinary scholar of medieval northern Europe, with special interest in Scandinavian contacts across the Baltic Sea. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1607694583486-2PQT0LQ193RL7MCB6DX4/20140228_Trade+151_0046.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1607694644871-IC85FNH781UNZSZEGHDR/Aro+Ha_0428.jpg People https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/5ec321c2af33de48734cc929/1618497259178-6XJGK9GR6YAVBQL5L519/20140301_Trade-151_012-2.jpg People https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/funding daily 0.75 2021-11-01 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1632923109279-KINX3RR15TSG5OWVL3DY/EU+Flag.jpg Funding - This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 893072. https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/faq daily 0.75 2021-10-13 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/methods daily 0.75 2022-06-13 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1652564163051-SFD1P4GR3BV4VGB1QBJS/AdobeStock_165342791.jpeg Methods Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1652567458213-UKY4JBI2FUVV15RQ1ZGL/Screen%2BShot%2B2022-05-14%2Bat%2B11.22.30%2BPM.jpg Methods Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1652567989886-OGM93R5QT3YLHE7UOJXL/Figure%2B2%2B-%2BDense%2BSecondary%2BOsteon%2BHuman%2BXPL%2Bx%2B10.jpg Methods Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1652599992011-QSC13F6YRND94UZQXQ0I/AdobeStock_343152615.jpeg Methods Overview https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/1652694720977-CVDSJKBAM0TDUQL32FC8/Sr%2Belution%2Bcropped_IMG_4146.jpg Methods Overview https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/under-construction daily 0.75 2021-10-14 https://www.thebonezproject.co.uk/ukas-2022 daily 0.75 2022-04-18 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/7a0d9b9a-517c-4b76-8b87-7dc4a03a35f5/Screen+Shot+2022-04-14+at+9.02.48+PM.jpg UKAS 2022 - Epoxy. Infiltration Schedule: Day 1: 100% ethanol (cover) Day 2: 25% resin, 75% ethanol (cover) Day 3: 50% resin, ethanol (cover) Day 4: 75% resin, 25% ethanol (cover) Day 5-6: 100% resin changed every 24 hours Curing Protocol: Stir resin and hardener (100 grams resin to 12 grams hardener) for at least 2 minutes. Pour over samples in embedding moulds. Place in vacuum chamber with vacuum pump to remove all air bubbles (1). Samples cure at ambient temperature in 12 hours. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/d9a07a66-648b-4136-bbbe-2b1a07a10066/BF_Drifting+Osteon+x10+copy.jpg UKAS 2022 - Preparing undecalcified bone samples for embedding involves: Dehydrate to ensure fat and water content removed from bone Infiltrate sample with increasing concentration of resin Cure/Polymerise in embedding moulds Generally, cremated or otherwise collagen-poor archaeological bone is already dehydrated and the first step is skipped. Fresh bone requires treatment with Tergazyme, xylene and/or acetone prior to infiltration. Image: Histological section of calcined bone from an early medieval cremation https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/cfab195a-7e0d-4ad3-b986-ed2efb9b8270/UKAS+Poster_FrenchBrickingMadgwick.jpg UKAS 2022 - Make it stand out UKAS, Poster Session April 21, 2022 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/74e89291-0e6b-4bba-83c2-6300774658c0/Screen+Shot+2022-04-15+at+9.22.46+PM.png UKAS 2022 - Low Viscosity Epoxy. Infiltration Schedule: Day 1: 100% ethanol (cover) Day 2: Mix resin, hardener, and accelerant in resin bottle and store in 4 C fridge. Infiltrate with 25% resin mix, 75% ethanol (cover) Day 3: 50% resin mix, ethanol (cover) Day 4: 75% resin mix, 25% ethanol (cover) Day 5-6: 100% resin mix changed every 24 hours Curing Protocol: Pour resin mix over samples in embedding moulds. Place in vacuum chamber with vacuum pump to remove all air bubbles (1). Place samples in oven set to 70 C (2). Samples cure in 72 hours. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/a8a95342-37eb-4026-8510-f6e65593c49f/1_MMA+Reagents.jpg UKAS 2022 - MMA. Infiltration Schedule: MMA (with MEHQ as inhibitor) is stored at 4 C. Day 1: 100% ethanol (cover) Day 2: 25% resin mix, 75% ethanol in covered beaker. Place in rotary mixer. Day 3: 50% resin mix, ethanol in covered beaker. Place in rotary mixer. Day 4: 75% resin mix, 25% ethanol in covered beaker. Place in rotary mixer. Day 5-6: 100% resin changed every 24 hours into covered beaker. Continue using rotary mixer. Polymerisation Protocol: A photo synthesizer (Benzoin ethyl ether) is added to MMA at 0.3% total volume. The resin mixture is degassed with zero-grade nitrogen gas for about 3 minutes. Pour over samples in embedding moulds. Store unused resin at -20 C. Place samples in vacuum chamber with vacuum pump to remove all air bubbles (1). Place samples in Reichert/Leica Automatic Freeze Substitution (AFS) chamber lined with aluminum foil. The AFS machine provides an oxygen-depleted/ nitrogen-rich environment, is fitted with UV lights and holds samples at constant -25 C temperature. Samples polymerise in 96 hours (3). https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6138d749f869991cb2d41c44/fb416eb0-9c09-428a-8363-5b0f5b423313/Screen+Shot+2022-04-15+at+10.04.30+PM.png UKAS 2022 - Polyester. Infiltration Schedule: Resin is stored at 4 C. Day 1: 100% ethanol (cover) Day 2: 25% resin, 75% ethanol (cover) Day 3: 50% resin, ethanol (cover) Day 4: 75% resin, 25% ethanol (cover) Day 5-6: 100% resin changed every 24 hours Curing Protocol: Mix resin and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEXP) catalyst (0.1% total volume) and stir well. Pour over samples in embedding moulds. Place in vacuum chamber with vacuum pump to remove all air bubbles (1). Place samples in oven set to 70 C (2). Samples cure in 72 hours.